Using developmental mentoring and coaching approaches in academic and professional development to address feelings of ‘imposter syndrome’

Authors

  • Fiona Kolontari
  • Megan Lawton Professor
  • Sarah Rhodes Mrs

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56433/jpaap.v11i1.537

Keywords:

Imposter syndrome, mentoring, coaching, neurodiversity, academic practice, affirmation model, professional development

Abstract

We are three women who have all helped each other in our university careers. We are from different backgrounds, have varying educational experiences and have different roles. All three of us are neurodiverse and champion inclusive learning, teaching, and assessment in our professional roles and from personal experiences. Developmental mentoring and coaching brought us together to address feelings of discomfort in work situations where we second guess our own abilities. We have felt the effects of ‘imposter syndrome’ (Clance & Imes, 1978) but through mentoring we recognize our successes are justified. In this article we question the notion of ‘imposter syndrome’ and ask why this might be disproportionally applied to women (Tulshyan & Burey, 2021). We also offer an affirmation model of disability (Swain & French, 2000) as a framework, asking how this can be applied in a broader intersectional context. Recognising our abilities and not having a tragic view of disabilities has enabled us to challenge attitudes towards inclusive learning and teaching. We can all demonstrate our abilities but some of us would like to do this differently than in a Higher Education traditional environment. We give a theoretical, personal, and professional context and appraise two different mentoring models - sponsorship and development (Megginson, Clutterbuck, Garvey, Stokes and Garret-Harris, 2006), reflecting on how developmental mentoring and coaching can be used for academic and professional development related to inclusive learning and teaching.

Author Biographies

  • Fiona Kolontari

    Fiona Kolontari is a Specialist Tutor (Neurodiversity) and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (SFHEA). She is also a Senior Accredited Member (SAMNADP) and Director of the National Association of Disability Practitioners (NADP). Fiona authored sections of her institution’s Race Equality Charter on intersectionality and the Action Framework for Disability Equality.

  • Megan Lawton, Professor

    Megan Lawton, Professor of Learning and Teaching in Academic Practice became a National Teaching Fellowship (NTF) and Principal Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (PFHEA) in 2017. She is passionate about challenging traditional approaches to learning from her experiences of dyslexia. She is Co-Chair of her University’s Disabled Staff Network.

  • Sarah Rhodes, Mrs

    Sarah Rhodes has a PG Cert in HEP, SFHEA and Associate CIPD. She is External Examiner for PG Cert Teaching in HE and External Assessor for the Advance HE CPD Scheme at UWTSD. PGCE PCE teacher and Joint Leader for the PG Cert Academic Practice course. She is an internal mentor and reviewer.

References

Advance HE (2021). Advance HE strategy 2021-2024. https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/about-us/advance-he-strategy-2021-2024

Augustus J (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women Working in Higher Education. Frontiers in Education. (6) 648365. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2021.648365

Bray, L, and Nettleton, P, (2007). Assessor or mentor? Role confusion in professional education, Nurse Education Today, 27, 848-855. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2006.11.006

Brewer, E., Brueggemann, B., Hetrick, N. and Yergeau, M. (2012). ‘Introduction, background, and history’. In B. Brueggemann (Ed.), Arts and Humanities, 1–62, Canada: Sage.

Cameron, C. (2014). Disability studies: a student’s guide. London: Sage.

Caplan, J. (2003). Coaching for the future: How smart companies use coaching and mentoring. London: CIPD.

Carr, P.B. and Steele, C.M. (2009). Stereotype threat and inflexible perseverance in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (4), 853-859. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.003

Chapman, A. (2017). Using the assessment process to overcome Imposter Syndrome in mature students. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 41(2), 112-119. doi:10.1037/h0086006

Checkland, P. and Poulter, J. (2006) Learning for Action: A Short Definitive Account of Soft Systems Methodology and its use for Practitioners, Teachers, and Students. Chichester: Wiley.

Clance, P. R., and Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15(3), 241–247. doi:10.1037/h0086006

Clark, M., Vardeman, K., and Barba, S., (2014). Perceived inadequacy: A study of imposter phenomenon among college and research librarians. College and Research Libraries, 75(3), 255-271. doi:10.5860/crl12-423

Clutterbuck, D, (2003). The Making of a Mentor. London: Gower.

Connor, M and Pokora, J (2012). Coaching And Mentoring At Work: Developing Effective Practice: Developing Effective Practice (2nd ed.). Open University Press, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.

Cowman, S. E., Ferrari, J. R. (2002). “Am I for real?” Predicting imposter tendencies from self-handicapping and affective components. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(2), 119-126. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.119

Cozzarelii, C. and Major B. (1990). Exploring the validity of the imposter phenomenon. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 401-417. doi: 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.4.401

Dweck, C.S. (2016). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Random House.

Edwards, C.W. (2019) Overcoming Imposter Syndrome and Stereotype Threat: Reconceptualizing the Definition of a Scholar. Taboo: The Journal of Culture and Education, 18(1), 18-34. doi: 10.31390/taboo.18.1.03

Foucault, M. (1982) The Subject and Power. In H. Dreyfus and P. Rabinow (Eds.) Michel Foucault, Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

Foucault, M. (2003) in Halberstam, J. (2011) The Queer Art of Failure. London: Duke University Press.

Johnson, W., B. and Smith D, G. (2019). Mentoring Someone with Imposter Syndrome. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2019/02/mentoring-someone-with-imposter-syndrome

Kenny, J. (2018) Re-empowering academics in a corporate culture: an exploration of workload and performativity in a university. Higher Education, 75, 365-380. doi: 10.1007/s10734-017-0143-z

Kets de Vries, M., F., R. (2005). The dangers of feeling like a fake. Harvard Business Review, 83(9), 108- 116.

Kohli, J. and Atencio, M. (2021). ‘The person with a disability gets to define their disability’: exploring identity formation through the voices of university students, Disability and Society, 1-23, doi: 10.1080/09687599.2021.1965545

Kumar, S. and Jagacinski, C. M. (2006). Imposters have goals too: The imposter phenomenon and its relationship to achievement goal theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(1), 147-157. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.014

Langford, J. and Clance, P, R. (1993). The imposter phenomenon: Recent research findings regarding dynamics, personality, and family patterns and their implications for treatment. Psychotherapy, 30(3), 495-501. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.30.3.495

Lawton, M. (2010). Of sea anemones and clownfish: exploring a mutually beneficial approach to educational development through Soft Systems Methodology (Doctoral Thesis). Middlesex University. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/7980/

Lawton, M. (2018). Finding My Visual Research Voice: art as the tool for, rather than the topic or outcome of, research. In R.,Prior (Ed.) Using Art as Research in Learning and Teaching: Multidisciplinary Approaches in the Arts. Published by Intellect www.intellectbooks.co.uk. ISBN 978-1-78320-892-0 (Print) ISBN 978-1-78320-975-0 (ePub)

Leonard-Cross, E. (2010). Developmental coaching: Business benefit–fact or fad? An evaluative study to explore the impact of coaching in the workplace. International Coaching Psychology Review, 5(1), 36-47. doi: 10.53841/bpsicpr.2010.5.1.36

Loveday, V. (2018) The neurotic academic: anxiety, casualisation, and governance in the neoliberalising university, Journal of Cultural Economy, 11(2), 154-166, doi: 10.1080/17530350.2018.1426032

McCormick, C. B., and Barnes, B. J. (2008). Getting Started in Academia: A Guide for Educational Psychologists. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 5-18. doi:10.1007/s10648-007-9058-z

McDevitt, N. (2006). Unmasking the Imposter phenomenon: Fear of failure paralyzes students and faculty. The McGill Reporter, 38(17), 1-2.

Megginson, D. and Clutterbuck, D. (2004). Techniques for Coaching and Mentoring. Oxon: Routledge.

Megginson, D., Clutterbuck, D., Garvey, B., Stokes, P., and Garret-Harris, R. (2006). Mentoring in action: a practical guide for managers. (2nd ed). London: Kogan Page.

Mula-Falcón, J. and Caballero, K. (2022) Neoliberalism and its impact on academics: a qualitative review, Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 27(3), 373-390, doi:10.1080/13596748.2022.2076053

Parkman, A. (2016). The Imposter Phenomenon in Higher Education: Incidence and Impact. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 16(1),51-59.

Parkman, A. and Beard, R. (2008). Succession planning and the imposter phenomenon in higher education. Coll Univ Profes Assoc Human Resources, 59, 26-36.

Parsloe, E. and Wray, M. (2000). "Coaching and Mentoring: Practical Methods to Improve Learning", Work Study, 49(6). doi:10.1108/ws.2000.07949fae.002

Pickford, R. (2016), Student Engagement: Body, Mind and Heart – A Proposal for an Embedded Multi-Dimensional Student Engagement Framework, Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 4(2), 25-32. doi:10.14297/jpaap.v4i2.198

QAA (2020). How UK Higher Education Providers Managed the Shift to Digital Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.qaa.ac.uk/docs/qaa/guidance/how-uk-higher-education-providers-managed-the-shift-to-digital-delivery-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.pdf

Retief, M. and Letšosa, R. (2018). ‘Models of disability: A brief overview’, HTS Teologiese Studies/ Theological Studies, 74(1), a4738. doi: 10.4102/hts.v74i1.4738

Rhodes, S. (2022) ‘Do you dare to pause? Hearts and minds together: a contemplative approach to fostering effective inclusive academic practice’. In Active Learning Network, Chapter 3c, 100 ideas for Active Learning. doi:10.20919/OPXR1032

Robinson, S., I. and Goodpaster, S., K. (2000). The effect of parental alcoholism on perception of control and imposter phenomenon. Current psychology; Research and Reviews, 10(1-2),113-119. doi:10.1007/BF02686785

Scandura, T.A., Lankau, M.J. and Baugh, S.J. (1996). An Investigation of the Effects of Protégé Gender on Responses to Mentoring. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 309-323. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1996.0046

September, A. N., McCarrey, M., Baranowsky, A., Parent, C. and Schindler, D. (2001). The relation between well-being, imposter feelings, and gender role orientation among Canadian university students. The Journal of Social Psychology, 14(2), 218-232. doi: 10.1080/00224540109600548

Stone, M. (2007). Coaching, Counselling and Mentoring: How to Choose and Use the Right Technique to Boost Employee Performance. (2nd ed.). New York: American Management Association.

Swain, J. and French, S. (2000) Towards an Affirmation Model of Disability, Disability and Society, 15(4), 569-582, doi: 10.1080/09687590050058189

Swain, J. and French, S. (2008). Disability on Equal Terms. London: Sage.

Thomas L., Herbert, J. and Teras, M. (2014). A sense of belonging to enhance participation, success, and retention in online programs.

The International Journal of the First Year in Higher Education, 5(2), 69-80. doi: 10.5204/intjfyhe.v5i2.233

Thompson, T. (2004). Failure-avoidance parenting, the achievement environment of the home and strategies for reduction. Learning and Instruction,14(1), 3-26. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2003.10.005

Tulshyan, R. and Burey, J-A. (2021). Stop telling women they have Imposter Syndrome. https://hbr.org/2021/02/stop-telling-women-they-have-imposter-syndrome

Johnson, W.B. and Smith, D.G. (2019). Mentoring someone with imposter syndrome. https://hbr.org/2019/02/mentoring-someone-with-imposter-syndrome

Wang, K.T., Sheveleva, M.S. and Permykova, T.M. (2019). Imposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.005.

Want, J., and Kleitman, S. (2006). Imposter phenomenon and self-handicapping: Links with parenting styles and self-confidence. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(5), 961-971. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2005.10.005

Western, S. (2012). Coaching and mentoring: A critical text. SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781446251577

Williams, S. and Offley, N. (2005). Research and reality: Innovations in coaching. London: NHS Leadership Centre.

Downloads

Published

2023-02-22