Conceptualizing Generous Scholarship
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56433/jpaap.v10i1.494Keywords:
generous scholarship, praxis of scholarship, descriptive theory-generating research design, collegiality, academic cultureAbstract
In an era of neoliberalism and the COVID-19 pandemic, it is imperative to revisit the meaning, value, and praxis of scholarship. This article documents exploration of the emerging concept of generous scholarship, a compelling yet ill-defined and undertheorized construct that inspires our scholarly practices. We analyze the extant literature about generous scholarship and related constructs to address three guiding research questions: What is generous scholarship? What are its actions? What are its implications for scholarly life and the academy? A descriptive theory-generating research design led to a robust conceptual framework involving five principles of generous scholarship: social praxis, reciprocity, generous mindedness, generous heartedness, and agency. Generous scholarship is an intentional, collegial approach to scholarship that helps to mitigate the sense of isolation and depletion of energy often associated with managerial, production-oriented academic contexts. We argue that individuals and institutions that embrace generous scholarship may attract and nurture a vibrant cadre of academics, replenished in mind and spirit. Academics, university administrators, and higher education policy-makers are encouraged to address or resist the pressures inherent in their current workplaces and to carve space for generous scholarship.
References
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Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Authors (2019).
Back, L. (2018). Taking and giving hope: A response to Ros Gill’s “What would Les Back do? If generosity could save us… A review of Les Back’s Academic Diary: Or Why Higher Education Still Matters (2016: Goldsmiths Press, 272 pp).” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-017-9264-8
Banks, S. (2010). Integrity in professional life: Issues of conduct, commitment and capacity. British Journal of Social Work, 40(7), 2168–2184. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcp152
Barnett, C., & Land, D. (2007). Geographies of generosity: Beyond the ‘moral turn.’ Geoforum, 38(6), 1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.02.006
Bartlett, L. E. (2018). Performing critical generosity in the feminist classroom. Feminist Teacher, 28(2–3), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.5406/femteacher.28.2-3.0091
Becker, H. S. (1998). Tricks of the trade: How to think about your research while you’re doing it. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Burwell, R., & Huyser, M. (2014). The virtue of generosity. Social Work and Christianity, 41(2/3), 193–205.
Caddell, M., & Wilder, K. (2018). Seeking compassion in the measured university: Generosity, collegiality and competition in academic practice. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(3), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i3.384
Corbera, E., Anguelovski, I., Honey-Rosés, J., & Ruiz-Mallén, I. (2020). Academia in the time of COVID-19: Towards an ethics of care. Planning Theory & Practice, 21(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1757891
Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0486
Craig, C. J. (2020). Generous scholarship: A counternarrative for the region and the academy. In C. J. Craig, L. Turchi, & D. M. McDonald (Eds.), Cross-disciplinary, cross-institutional collaboration in teacher education (pp. 351–365). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Davis, K. (2010). On generosity and critique. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 17(3), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810368883
Diprose, R. (2002). Corporeal generosity: On giving with Nietzsche, Merleau-Ponty and Levinas. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
Elgin, C. Z. (2013). Epistemic agency. Theory and Research in Education, 11(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878513485173
Enslin, P., & Hedge, N. (2019). Academic friendship in dark times. Ethics and Education, 14(4), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2019.1660457
Fawcett, J., & Downs, F. (1986). The relationship of theory and research. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century Crofts.
Fecher, B., & Friesike, S. (2014). Open science: One term, five schools of thought. In S. Bartling & S. Friesike (Eds.), Opening science: The evolving guide on how the internet is changing research, collaboration and scholarly publishing (pp. 17–47). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_2
Fowl, S. (2001). Generosity and wisdom: Jesuit higher education and the life of the mind. Nachbahr Award presentation. Retrieved from https://www.loyola.edu/-/media/department/center-humanities/documents/nachbahr-lectures/fowl-lecture
Generous. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generous
Hall, D. E. (2002). The academic self: An owner’s manual. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Harvey, M., McIntyre, N., Heames, J. T., & Moeller, M. (2009). Mentoring global female managers in the global marketplace: Traditional, reverse, and reciprocal mentoring. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1344–1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190902909863
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800406
Joy, E. A. (2013, December 18). This is not my (or, our) time, so please take ecstasy with me: The necessity of generous reading [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2013/12/this-is-not-my-or-our-time-so-please.html
Kinman, G., & Jones, F. (2003). “Running up the down escalator”: Stressors and strains in UK academics. Quality in Higher Education, 9(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320308162
Knowles, S. S. (2017). Communities practising generous scholarship: Cultures of collegiality in academic writing retreats. In J. McDonald & A. Cater-Steel (Eds.), Implementing communities of practice in higher education (pp. 53–80). Singapore: Springer.
Kupfer, J. (1998). Generosity of spirit. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32(3), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004366912842
Losh, E. (2018). Against mentoring. American Quarterly, 70(3), 685–691. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0053
Macfarlane, B. (2017). The paradox of collaboration: A moral continuum. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(3), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1288707
MacLeod, A. (2020, April). Working toward generous scholarship–during and after COVID-19 [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://researchwhisperer.org/2020/04/21/generous-scholarship/
Maginess, T., & MacKenzie, A. (2018). Achieving moralised compassion in higher education. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(3), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i3.370
Mahon, K., Heikkinen, H. L., & Huttunen, R. (2019). Critical educational praxis in university ecosystems: Enablers and constraints. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 27(3), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2018.1522663
Malisch, J. L., Harris, B. N., Sherrer, S. M., Lewis, K. A., Shepherd, S. L., McCarthy, P. C. … Deitloff, J. (2020, July 7). In the wake of COVID-19, academia needs new solutions to ensure gender equity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(27). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010636117
Metcalfe, A. S., & Blanco, G. L. (2021). “Love is calling”: Academic friendship and international research collaboration amid a global pandemic. Emotion, Space and Society, 38, Article 100763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2021.100763
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morris, R. L. (2020). Intellectual generosity and the reward structure of mathematics. Synthese. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02660-w
Nagy, J. (2014). Leadership in the academy: Collegiate methods to achieve corporate goals. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.019
Narayanan, A. C. (2020). The meaning of generosity: A subjective culture study in India (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/69003
Netolicky, D., Barnes, N., & Heffernan, A. (2018). Metaphors for women’s experiences of early career academia: Buffy, Alice, and Frankenstein’s creature. In A. L. Black & S. Garvis (Eds.), Lived experiences of women in academia: Metaphors, manifestos and memoir (pp. 171–180). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147444-17
Noxolo, P. (2009). “My paper, my paper”: Reflections on the embodied production of postcolonial geographical responsibility in academic writing. Geoforum, 40(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.06.008
O’Brien, A., Graf, C., & McKellar, K. (2019). How publishers and editors can help early career researchers: Recommendations from a roundtable. Learned Publishing, 32, 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1249
Richter, J., Faragó, F., Swadener, B. B., Roca‐Servat, D., & Eversman, K. A. (2020). Tempered radicalism and intersectionality: Scholar‐activism in the neoliberal university. Journal of Social Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12401
Roberts, R. C., & Wood, W. J. (2007). Intellectual virtues: An essay in regulative epistemology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Russell, C. (2006). Working across and with methodological difference in environmental education research [Editorial]. Environmental Education Research, 12(3–4), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620600799141
Russell, C. (2016). On open access, the politics of citation, and generous scholarship [Editorial]. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 5–12. Retrieved https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/
Sutherland, K. A. (2018). Cultivating connectedness and generosity in universities: A view of early career academic experiences in Aotearoa, New Zealand. On Education: Journal for Research and Debate, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.17899/on_ed.2018.3.8
Talbot, C. V., & Pownall, M. (2020). “If your institution refuses to provide what you need, create it yourself”: Feminist praxis on #AcademicTwitter. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v547p
Taylor, C. (2018). On intellectual generosity: A response to Rebecca Tuvel’s. Philosophy Today, 62(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday201829198
Thorne, S. (2013). The scholarship of intellectual generosity [Editorial]. Nursing Inquiry, 20(4), 279. doi:10.1111/nin.12050.
Tight, M. (2014). Collegiality and managerialism: A false dichotomy? Evidence from the higher education literature. Tertiary Education and Management, 20(4), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2014.956788
Torp, S., Lysfjord, L., & Midje, H. H. (2018). Workaholism and work–family conflict among university academics. Higher Education, 76(6), 1071–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0247-0
Tsui, A. S. (2013). On compassion in scholarship: Why should we care? Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0408
Vicente-Sáez, R., & Martínez-Fuentes, C. (2018). Open science now: A systematic literature review for an integrated definition. Journal of Business Research, 88, 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043
Vostal, F. (2015). Speed kills, speed thrills: Constraining and enabling accelerations in academic work-life. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 13(3), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.959895
Waddington, K. (2016). The compassion gap in UK universities. International Practice Development Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.19043/ipdj.61.010
Walcott, R. (2020, April 15). During the coronavirus, academics have found themselves in a crisis of their work. Maclean’s. Retrieved from https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/during-the-coronavirus-academics-have-found-themselves-in-a-crisis-of-their-work/
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307
Authors (2019).
Back, L. (2018). Taking and giving hope: A response to Ros Gill’s “What would Les Back do? If generosity could save us… A review of Les Back’s Academic Diary: Or Why Higher Education Still Matters (2016: Goldsmiths Press, 272 pp).” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-017-9264-8
Banks, S. (2010). Integrity in professional life: Issues of conduct, commitment and capacity. British Journal of Social Work, 40(7), 2168–2184. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcp152
Barnett, C., & Land, D. (2007). Geographies of generosity: Beyond the ‘moral turn.’ Geoforum, 38(6), 1065–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.02.006
Bartlett, L. E. (2018). Performing critical generosity in the feminist classroom. Feminist Teacher, 28(2–3), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.5406/femteacher.28.2-3.0091
Becker, H. S. (1998). Tricks of the trade: How to think about your research while you’re doing it. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Boyer, E. L. (1990). Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Burwell, R., & Huyser, M. (2014). The virtue of generosity. Social Work and Christianity, 41(2/3), 193–205.
Caddell, M., & Wilder, K. (2018). Seeking compassion in the measured university: Generosity, collegiality and competition in academic practice. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(3), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i3.384
Corbera, E., Anguelovski, I., Honey-Rosés, J., & Ruiz-Mallén, I. (2020). Academia in the time of COVID-19: Towards an ethics of care. Planning Theory & Practice, 21(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1757891
Corley, K. G., & Gioia, D. A. (2011). Building theory about theory building: What constitutes a theoretical contribution? Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2009.0486
Craig, C. J. (2020). Generous scholarship: A counternarrative for the region and the academy. In C. J. Craig, L. Turchi, & D. M. McDonald (Eds.), Cross-disciplinary, cross-institutional collaboration in teacher education (pp. 351–365). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Davis, K. (2010). On generosity and critique. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 17(3), 187–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506810368883
Diprose, R. (2002). Corporeal generosity: On giving with Nietzsche, Merleau-Ponty and Levinas. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
Elgin, C. Z. (2013). Epistemic agency. Theory and Research in Education, 11(2), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878513485173
Enslin, P., & Hedge, N. (2019). Academic friendship in dark times. Ethics and Education, 14(4), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2019.1660457
Fawcett, J., & Downs, F. (1986). The relationship of theory and research. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century Crofts.
Fecher, B., & Friesike, S. (2014). Open science: One term, five schools of thought. In S. Bartling & S. Friesike (Eds.), Opening science: The evolving guide on how the internet is changing research, collaboration and scholarly publishing (pp. 17–47). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_2
Fowl, S. (2001). Generosity and wisdom: Jesuit higher education and the life of the mind. Nachbahr Award presentation. Retrieved from https://www.loyola.edu/-/media/department/center-humanities/documents/nachbahr-lectures/fowl-lecture
Generous. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generous
Hall, D. E. (2002). The academic self: An owner’s manual. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press.
Harvey, M., McIntyre, N., Heames, J. T., & Moeller, M. (2009). Mentoring global female managers in the global marketplace: Traditional, reverse, and reciprocal mentoring. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1344–1361. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190902909863
Jabareen, Y. (2009). Building a conceptual framework: Philosophy, definitions, and procedure. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(4), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690900800406
Joy, E. A. (2013, December 18). This is not my (or, our) time, so please take ecstasy with me: The necessity of generous reading [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://www.inthemedievalmiddle.com/2013/12/this-is-not-my-or-our-time-so-please.html
Kinman, G., & Jones, F. (2003). “Running up the down escalator”: Stressors and strains in UK academics. Quality in Higher Education, 9(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320308162
Knowles, S. S. (2017). Communities practising generous scholarship: Cultures of collegiality in academic writing retreats. In J. McDonald & A. Cater-Steel (Eds.), Implementing communities of practice in higher education (pp. 53–80). Singapore: Springer.
Kupfer, J. (1998). Generosity of spirit. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 32(3), 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004366912842
Losh, E. (2018). Against mentoring. American Quarterly, 70(3), 685–691. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2018.0053
Macfarlane, B. (2017). The paradox of collaboration: A moral continuum. Higher Education Research & Development, 36(3), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1288707
MacLeod, A. (2020, April). Working toward generous scholarship–during and after COVID-19 [Blog post]. Retrieved from https://researchwhisperer.org/2020/04/21/generous-scholarship/
Maginess, T., & MacKenzie, A. (2018). Achieving moralised compassion in higher education. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(3), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.14297/jpaap.v6i3.370
Mahon, K., Heikkinen, H. L., & Huttunen, R. (2019). Critical educational praxis in university ecosystems: Enablers and constraints. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 27(3), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2018.1522663
Malisch, J. L., Harris, B. N., Sherrer, S. M., Lewis, K. A., Shepherd, S. L., McCarthy, P. C. … Deitloff, J. (2020, July 7). In the wake of COVID-19, academia needs new solutions to ensure gender equity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(27). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010636117
Metcalfe, A. S., & Blanco, G. L. (2021). “Love is calling”: Academic friendship and international research collaboration amid a global pandemic. Emotion, Space and Society, 38, Article 100763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2021.100763
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Morris, R. L. (2020). Intellectual generosity and the reward structure of mathematics. Synthese. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-020-02660-w
Nagy, J. (2014). Leadership in the academy: Collegiate methods to achieve corporate goals. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.019
Narayanan, A. C. (2020). The meaning of generosity: A subjective culture study in India (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/69003
Netolicky, D., Barnes, N., & Heffernan, A. (2018). Metaphors for women’s experiences of early career academia: Buffy, Alice, and Frankenstein’s creature. In A. L. Black & S. Garvis (Eds.), Lived experiences of women in academia: Metaphors, manifestos and memoir (pp. 171–180). New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315147444-17
Noxolo, P. (2009). “My paper, my paper”: Reflections on the embodied production of postcolonial geographical responsibility in academic writing. Geoforum, 40(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.06.008
O’Brien, A., Graf, C., & McKellar, K. (2019). How publishers and editors can help early career researchers: Recommendations from a roundtable. Learned Publishing, 32, 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1249
Richter, J., Faragó, F., Swadener, B. B., Roca‐Servat, D., & Eversman, K. A. (2020). Tempered radicalism and intersectionality: Scholar‐activism in the neoliberal university. Journal of Social Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12401
Roberts, R. C., & Wood, W. J. (2007). Intellectual virtues: An essay in regulative epistemology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Russell, C. (2006). Working across and with methodological difference in environmental education research [Editorial]. Environmental Education Research, 12(3–4), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620600799141
Russell, C. (2016). On open access, the politics of citation, and generous scholarship [Editorial]. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 5–12. Retrieved https://cjee.lakeheadu.ca/
Sutherland, K. A. (2018). Cultivating connectedness and generosity in universities: A view of early career academic experiences in Aotearoa, New Zealand. On Education: Journal for Research and Debate, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.17899/on_ed.2018.3.8
Talbot, C. V., & Pownall, M. (2020). “If your institution refuses to provide what you need, create it yourself”: Feminist praxis on #AcademicTwitter. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/v547p
Taylor, C. (2018). On intellectual generosity: A response to Rebecca Tuvel’s. Philosophy Today, 62(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.5840/philtoday201829198
Thorne, S. (2013). The scholarship of intellectual generosity [Editorial]. Nursing Inquiry, 20(4), 279. doi:10.1111/nin.12050.
Tight, M. (2014). Collegiality and managerialism: A false dichotomy? Evidence from the higher education literature. Tertiary Education and Management, 20(4), 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13583883.2014.956788
Torp, S., Lysfjord, L., & Midje, H. H. (2018). Workaholism and work–family conflict among university academics. Higher Education, 76(6), 1071–1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-018-0247-0
Tsui, A. S. (2013). On compassion in scholarship: Why should we care? Academy of Management Review, 38(2), 167–180. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0408
Vicente-Sáez, R., & Martínez-Fuentes, C. (2018). Open science now: A systematic literature review for an integrated definition. Journal of Business Research, 88, 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043
Vostal, F. (2015). Speed kills, speed thrills: Constraining and enabling accelerations in academic work-life. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 13(3), 295–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.959895
Waddington, K. (2016). The compassion gap in UK universities. International Practice Development Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.19043/ipdj.61.010
Walcott, R. (2020, April 15). During the coronavirus, academics have found themselves in a crisis of their work. Maclean’s. Retrieved from https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/during-the-coronavirus-academics-have-found-themselves-in-a-crisis-of-their-work/
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